note!Answer: B) transaction file
A transaction file (or log) records all transactions that changed database contents over a period, which supports recovery and auditing.
note!Answer: A) record
In a database hierarchy, related fields combine to form a record, and related records form a file.
note!Answer: B) rows and columns
In a relational database, a table is made up of rows (records) and columns (fields).
note!Answer: B) access path
An index gives a fast access path to records in a file based on a key value.
note!Answer: D) All of the above
The database approach reduces redundancy, allows related data to be linked, and provides better security controls.
note!Answer: B) data inconsistency
When a value is updated in some files but not in others, the same data item has conflicting values, which is data inconsistency.
note!Answer: A) data redundancy
Storing the same field multiple times is data redundancy, which wastes space and can cause inconsistency.