Computer Fundamental

note!Answer: B) Joystick
A joystick sends user input to the computer, so it is an input device. VDU, plotter and printer are output devices.

note!Answer: C) Assembler
Low-level languages primarily refer to assembly language (and machine language). An assembler is the translator that converts assembly language mnemonics into machine code (object code).

A compiler translates high-level language source code into machine code (or intermediate code).
An interpreter executes high-level language code line by line without producing a separate machine-code file.

Neither compilers nor interpreters are the standard translators for low-level (assembly) languages, so the correct choice is Assembler.

note!Answer: C) Digitizer
A digitizer converts drawings or images into digital form, so it is an input device. Speaker, monitor and plotter are output devices.

note!Answer: B) Monitor
Soft copy output is temporary electronic output that is not permanent or physical (unlike printed hard copy).

Monitor displays text, images, and video on screen → classic soft-copy output device.
Speaker also produces soft-copy (audio) output.
Digitizer is an input device.
Plotter produces permanent hard-copy drawings on paper.

In standard computer-fundamentals multiple-choice questions with these exact options, the expected answer is Monitor.

note!Answer: C) 1024 X 1024
In the binary system used by computers (powers of 2):

1 KB = 1024 bytes
1 MB = 1024 KB = 1024 × 1024 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes

Option analysis:

A (1024 KB) – This correctly states 1 MB = 1024 KB, but the question asks for the value in bytes, so it does not fit.
B (1000) – Incomplete and incorrect; the decimal (SI) value is 1,000,000 bytes, not simply 1000.
C (1024 × 1024) – Correct binary value in bytes.
D – Not all options are correct.

In standard computer-fundamentals questions, the expected answer is the binary conversion 1024 × 1024.

note!Answer: D) Placed between the main memory and microprocessor
Cache memory is a small, very fast memory that sits between the CPU (microprocessor) and main memory (RAM). It temporarily holds frequently accessed data and instructions so the processor can retrieve them much faster than from RAM.

A is incorrect — permanent storage is provided by ROM, hard disks, SSDs, etc. Cache is volatile.
B is incorrect — that describes browser history or web-cache behavior, not CPU cache memory.
C is incorrect — cache does not increase hard-disk capacity; its purpose is speed, not storage size.

note!Answer: B) Optical storage
DVD is an optical storage medium: data is read and written using laser light. Magnetic storage (such as hard disks) and main storage (RAM) are different categories.

note!Answer: B) Tallored soltware
Software written to meet a specific organization's requirements is called tailored (customized) software. Packaged software is ready-made for general use, and utility software performs system maintenance tasks.

note!Answer: B) Hardware
All peripheral devices attached to a computer system, such as the keyboard, monitor and printer, are collectively called hardware. Software is the set of programs that run on the hardware.

note!Answer: D) All of the above 4 114. Who was the first to conceplualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer analytical engine? > a) Laday Ada b) Bill Gate } c) Charles Babbage d) No one of the above
A computer system includes storage, input/output devices and a CPU, so 'All of the above' is correct. The text also includes an unrelated Charles Babbage question merged into the options.

note!Answer: B) Lazy
Computers are automatic, high-speed and accurate, but they are not 'lazy'. Their work is performed tirelessly and according to the instructions given.

note!Answer: D) All of the above
Hard disk capacity is measured in megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes, so 'All of the above' is correct. Terabyte, gigabyte and megabyte are all units of digital storage.

note!Answer: C) Cache memory
Cache memory is the fastest memory in a computer and sits closest to the CPU. Hard disks, firmware and CDs are much slower storage types.

note!Answer: B) Nerve center of computer
The Control Unit (CU) directs and coordinates all operations within the computer, which is why it is called the nerve center. It is a component of the CPU, not the main memory.

note!Answer: D) All of the above
Sorting arranges data in any order: chronologically (by date/time), alphabetically (text), or numerically (numbers). So all of the above is correct.

note!Answer: D) all of the above
A. It is an output device: A monitor takes data from the computer and displays it as text, images and video. It does not send data back to the computer, so it is an output device.
B. Color resolution: This is the number of different colors a monitor can display. It depends on how many bits are used to describe each pixel’s color.
C. Color depth: This is the number of bits used to represent the color of one pixel. For example, 8-bit gives 256 colors, and 24-bit gives about 16.7 million colors. Color resolution and color depth are closely related, and the two terms are often used for the same idea.

Since all three statements are correct, the answer is D.

Alternative form (if your exam wants the “not” version):

Which of the following is NOT related to a monitor?
A. Output device
B. Color depth
C. Color resolution
D. Keyboard

Answer: D. Keyboard, because a keyboard is an input device, while the other three describe a monitor.

note!Answer: A) Speed, expansion
USB is known for high data transfer speed and easy expansion (many devices can be connected). It is not slow.

note!Answer: C) Vacuum tubes
First-generation computers (1940s–1950s) used vacuum tubes. IC and microchips came in later generations.

note!Answer: D) All of the above
Pixels are the building blocks of screen display. VGA, EGA and SVGA are display standards that depend on pixel resolution, so all of the above fits.

-> Pixel भनेको स्क्रिनमा देखिने सबैभन्दा सानो बिन्दु (picture element) हो।
-> VGA, EGA र SVGA सबै raster graphics मा आधारित पुराना ग्राफिक्स स्ट्यान्डर्ड हुन्।
-> यी सबैमा तस्बिर बनाउन pixels नै प्रयोग गरिन्छ।

| Standard | Resolution उदाहरण | Pixel प्रयोग हुन्छ? |
|----------|---------------------|---------------------|
| EGA | 640 × 350 | हुन्छ |
| VGA | 640 × 480 | हुन्छ |
| SVGA | 800 × 600 र माथि | हुन्छ |

note!Answer: B) Auxiliary memory
A hard disk is auxiliary (secondary) storage. It is non-volatile and is not the primary memory (RAM) used directly by the CPU.