Computer Fundamental

note!Answer: C) Microphone
A microphone converts sound into electrical signals, so it is an audio input device. VCR and video camera are video devices, and a speaker is an output device.

note!Answer: C) OMR
OMR is used for standardized tests such as the SAT because it reads marks made in fixed positions on answer sheets.

note!Answer: D) Digital
A digital camera records images electronically on a storage medium such as a disk or memory, not on photographic film.

note!Answer: A) Webcam
A webcam is a video camera that captures and transmits images over the Internet, often for live broadcasting.

note!Answer: D) Digitizing
Digitizers convert drawings, sketches, or figures into digital data that a computer can process. Plotters do the opposite, producing output on paper.

note!Answer: C) Graphics tablet
A stylus is a special pen used to write or draw on a digital surface.

-> A Scanner does not need a stylus. It scans papers using light.
-> A Digital notebook can sometimes use a stylus, but it is not the main classic example.
-> A Graphics tablet (also called digitizer tablet) is specially made for drawing. You must use a stylus (pen) on its surface to draw or write.
- A Bar-code reader does not need a stylus. It reads barcodes with a laser or light sensor.

So, the device that requires the use of a stylus is the Graphics tablet.

note!Answer: D) Thermal
Thermal printers need special heat-sensitive paper that darkens when heated. Chain, laser, and ink-jet printers use ordinary paper.

note!Answer: C) Plotter
Plotters are designed to produce very large drawings, such as engineering and architectural plans. The other printers are generally limited to standard paper sizes.

note!Answer: D) Right mouse button
Clicking the right mouse button opens the shortcut (context) menu in most operating systems and applications.

note!Answer: D) All the above
A computer performs arithmetic operations, logical operations, and storage/retrieval operations, so 'All the above' is correct.

note!Answer: C) Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal built the Pascaline in 1642, generally considered the first mechanical calculator.

note!Answer: C) Jacquard
Punched cards were first introduced by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804 to control the patterns woven by a loom (a machine used for weaving cloth). The punched holes in the cards represented instructions that determined the weaving patterns.
Later, Herman Hollerith adapted punched-card technology for data processing and used it in the 1890 United States Census.

note!Answer: B) Electro-mechanical
Computers built before the first generation of electronic computers were generally electro-mechanical computers. These machines used a combination of electrical components and mechanical parts, such as switches, relays, and moving components, to perform calculations.
For example, the Harvard Mark I (1944) was an electro-mechanical computer that used electromechanical relays and mechanical components to process data.
The first generation of electronic computers (approximately 1940s–1950s) primarily used vacuum tubes for processing.

note!Answer: D) 64 bits
The word length of a computer is the number of bits its processor can handle as a unit of data during a typical operation. Common word lengths include 8, 16, 32, and 64 bits.
Modern personal computers commonly use 64-bit processors, which can process 64-bit data values in a single operation and support 64-bit operating systems.

note!Answer: C) 256KB & 640KB
In older computer fundamentals textbooks, the primary memory of an early personal computer (PC) is often described as ranging from 256 KB to 640 KB. This refers to the conventional memory capacity commonly associated with early IBM-compatible PCs.
Primary memory is the memory directly accessible by the CPU, mainly RAM and ROM. RAM temporarily stores programs and data currently in use, while ROM stores essential instructions needed to start the computer.

note!Answer: C) 1 MIPS
CPU speed refers to how quickly a computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) executes instructions. In older computer-fundamentals textbooks, the CPU speed of a personal computer is sometimes given as approximately 1 MIPS.
MIPS stands for Million Instructions Per Second. It measures the number of millions of instructions a processor can execute in one second.
For example, a CPU rated at 1 MIPS can execute approximately one million instructions per second under the conditions used for that measurement.
Explanation of Other Options
- A. 32 KIPS: 32 thousand instructions per second.
- B. 100 KIPS: 100 thousand instructions per second.
- C. 1 MIPS: One million instructions per second. Expected answer.
- D. None of these: Not the expected answer in this textbook-style question.

note!Answer: C) System Analysis
System Analysis is the first stage in the traditional software development process. In this stage, developers study the existing system, identify the problem, understand users’ needs, and determine what the new software must do.
The purpose is to understand the requirements before designing and developing the software.
Explanation of Other Options
- A. Specification and design: Defines the software requirements in detail and plans how the software will be structured.
- B. Testing: Checks whether the software works correctly and identifies errors or bugs.
- C. System Analysis: Identifies problems, studies user needs, and determines system requirements. Correct answer.
- D. Maintenance: Involves fixing errors, improving performance, and updating software after it has been delivered.

note!Answer: C) System Analysis involves creating formal model of the problem to be solved
System Analysis is the process of studying a problem or an existing system to understand its requirements and determine what a new system needs to do. It involves gathering information, identifying problems, and developing a model of the problem to be solved.
The purpose of system analysis is to understand what the system should do before deciding how to design and build it.
Explanation of Other Options
- A. The design of the screen the user will see and use to enter or display data: This refers to User Interface (UI) Design, which determines how users interact with the software.
- B. System analysis defines the format and type of data the program will use: This is more closely related to data specification and program design.
- C. System Analysis involves creating formal model of the problem to be solved: This best describes system analysis among the given options. Correct answer.
- D. None of the above: Incorrect because Option C is the best answer.

note!Answer: D) Assembly Languages
Assembly languages are low-level languages that map closely to machine instructions. BASIC, COBOL, and FORTRAN are high-level, and Prolog and expert systems are AI/declarative languages.

note!Answer: C) Oracle
Oracle is a database management system, not an antivirus. NAV (Norton AntiVirus), F-Prot, and McAfee are antivirus programs.