Computer Networking

note!Answer: D) Both (A) and (B)
UDP is a connectionless protocol that sends independent messages (datagrams) without setting up a connection. Its full name is User Datagram Protocol.

note!Answer: B) Class B address
Class B addresses begin with the binary prefix 10, which gives a first octet from 128 to 191. The prefix 1000 falls within this range, so it is a Class B address.

note!Answer: B) Multicast address
Addresses beginning with 1110 are Class D, which are used for multicast.

note!Answer: C) User Datagram Protocol
FTP runs over TCP for reliable transfer, not over UDP.

note!Answer: D) Loop-back address
The range 127.0.0.0/8 is reserved for loopback, so 127.0.0.1 is used to address the local host.

note!Answer: D) Gateway
A gateway can operate across all seven OSI layers, while bridges, repeaters and routers work on fewer layers.

note!Answer: C) 802.5
IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) uses token passing, which is collision-free, unlike CSMA/CD in 802.3.

note!Answer: C) Application port address
The transport layer uses port addresses to identify application processes; the option label 'B' is repeated in the printed text, but the correct choice is the port address.

note!Answer: B) ICMP
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used to report errors in IP packet delivery.

note!Answer: A) User's mailbox
In an email address like user@domain, the part before @ identifies the user's mailbox.

note!Answer: A) Application layer
SNMP, which monitors and controls network devices, is an application-layer protocol.

note!Answer: B) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, which assigns IP configuration automatically.

note!Answer: B) UDP
TFTP runs over UDP on port 69, which is why it is 'trivial' with no connection setup.

note!Answer: C) limited broadcast.
An IPv4 address of all 1s (255.255.255.255) is the limited broadcast address, used within the local network.

note!Answer: B) Individual computer.
In a DNS name such as www.example.com, the leftmost label is the host name of an individual computer.

note!Answer: C) 5.
IPv4 defines five address classes: A, B, C, D (multicast), and E (reserved).

note!Answer: D) Both (A) and (B)
UDP is a connectionless protocol that sends independent messages (datagrams) without establishing a connection. Both A and B are therefore correct.

note!Answer: B) modem
A modem (modulator-demodulator) converts digital signals to analog for transmission and back.

note!Answer: B) half-duplex mode
Half-duplex allows two-way transmission, but only one direction at a time.

note!Answer: D) modem
A modem converts digital computer output into analog signals suitable for telephone lines.