Computer Networking

note!Answer: C) limited broadcast.
An IP address with all 32 bits set to 1 (255.255.255.255) is the limited broadcast address, which stays within the local network.

note!Answer: D) Presentation Layer
The TCP/IP model has four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Access. The Presentation Layer belongs to the OSI model.

note!Answer: B) Individual computer.
In a DNS name, the leftmost label is the host name, which identifies an individual computer.

note!Answer: C) class C.
Class C addresses have first octets from 192 to 223, and 192 falls in that range.

note!Answer: B) Field for Fragmentation information
IPv6 moved fragmentation information into an extension header, so the base header has no fragmentation field. Flow Label is a new IPv6 base header field.

note!Answer: A) token ring.
FDDI is a fiber-optic LAN standard that uses a token-passing ring topology.

note!Answer: B) 16 bits
The TCP header checksum field is 16 bits long.

note!Answer: D) Class D
Class D addresses (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255) are reserved for multicast.

note!Answer: B) Classless Inter Domain Routing
CIDR stands for Classless Inter-Domain Routing, which replaces fixed classful addressing with variable-length prefixes.

note!Answer: C) 5.
IP addressing has five classes: A, B, C, D (multicast), and E (reserved).

note!Answer: B) All computers attach to a central point.
In a star topology, every node connects to a central hub or switch.

note!Answer: A) Easier to capture a signal than copper cabling
Fibre optic cable is harder to tap than copper, so signals are more secure and not easier to capture. It is faster, resistant to interference, and carries light.

note!Answer: C) Both a and b
Layering divides a complex design into smaller, manageable parts, and lets one layer's protocol change without affecting the others.

note!Answer: B) Clock synchronization
The Ethernet preamble is a sequence of alternating bits that lets the receiver synchronize its clock before the frame starts.

note!Answer: C) Network layer
Routing between networks happens at the Network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model.

note!Answer: C) Fibre optic channels
WDM combines multiple light wavelengths on one optical fibre, so it is used in fibre optic channels.

note!Answer: B) Multiplexers often waste the output link capacity while statistical multiplexers optimize its use
Ordinary TDM multiplexers allocate fixed slots even when idle, wasting capacity, while statistical multiplexers allocate slots on demand to use the link efficiently.

note!Answer: A) The transport layer
The transport layer provides end-to-end (host-to-host) delivery between application processes on different machines.

note!Answer: D) All of the above
WANs span large areas and use telephone lines, microwave links, and satellites as transmission media.

note!Answer: A) LAN
A LAN (Local Area Network) connects computers within a limited area, such as an office, to share resources.